Skip to main content

Think before start selecting a Topic

Post a Comment

DO CITATION IN CORRECT WAY


Referencing: An Introduction

What is referencing? Why is referencing essential? What are referencing styles?

Citing Within the Text of a Paper

Citing…at a glance What is citing? Quoting and paraphrasing Citing page numbers


What is referencing?
Referencing is the acknowledgement of books, articles, websites and any other material used in the writing of a paper, essay, project or thesis. There are two essential elements of referencing… Citing… referring to sources within text Reference list… the detailed list of references which have been cited within the Text

Why is referencing essential?
A well referenced paper… Allows the reader to locate the sources used Ensures that plagiarism is avoided What is Plagiarism? Using others’ ideas and/or words without clearly acknowledging the source of the information Plagiarism is considered a major disciplinary offence in your University or College. Check out the Student Handbook for more information on the Institute’s policy in relation to plagiarism.

What are referencing styles?
There are many different styles of referencing Different universities and publishers have developed their own individual styles Commonly used styles include Harvard, APA, MLA, Oxford, Chicago, Vancouver This guide is based on the Harvard referencing style


 Citing…at a glance
Extract from a Sample Paper: Speech Recognition: Ggrphem and phenom in Sinhala language

In any language, reliable speech recognition is a difficult problem (Donley 1991 pp.123-5), requiring a combination of many techniques; however modern methods have been able to achieve an impressive degree of accuracy (Katsamanis and Pitsikalis 2004).

The field of speech recognition aims to convert speech signals into written word sequences. There are many applications where speech recognition cannot only be helpful but is also necessary. Different implementations of speech recognizer are increasingly used around the world. Examples are dictation systems, translation systems, information retrieval systems, telephone services, control devices, identification systems, learning programs and many more. In short, recognizers are used whenever communication is involved (Brett, Ellen and Louiza 1997).

The large number of applications indicates even larger variability in the definition of the speech recognition task. We may want a system to work well not only with command words, but also with continuous speech; not only with read speech sequences but also with spontaneous speech. Studies conducted by Brent and Carl (2001) and Asath (2004b) on vocabulary for a specific task reveal a greater correlation between vocabulary and environment. One of the major challenges of speech recognition is the variability of speech: two identical utterances, spoken by the same person may result in two different speech signals.(Donley 1991 pp.12-13) An important issue is the ability of the system to accurately recognize signals even if there are some noticeable differences in the pronunciation due to dialects or disabilities (Brett, Ellen and Louiza 1997).

The most popular speech recognition process is statistical in nature and is based on Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) (Mori, Takuma, and Kurata 2006, pp. 729-736). Since speech recognition is probabilistic, the most probable decoding of the audio signal is output as the recognized text, but multiple hypotheses are considered during the process. Recognition systems generally have no means to distinguish between correctly and incorrectly recognized words. 


 What is citing?
Citing…referring to sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) within the text of a paper Give the author’s name, the year of publication, and page number if necessary

 (Smith 2005, p.10)

 Quoting and paraphrasing
Short Quotations

 Put short quotations (around twenty words or less) in inverted commas within the text.
Society has developed a “boundary-free culture” (Critser 2003, p.31) which has affected our food consumption…

 Long Quotations

 Long quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph, in a smaller font. Cite the author and date in the same font and in brackets at the right margin of the page, under the quotation.

 Nowhere did this new boundary-free culture of American food consumption thrive better than in the traditional American family, which by the ‘80s was undergoing rapid change.

 (Critser 2003, p.31)

 Paraphrasing or Summarising

 Paraphrasing is referring to a source without directly quoting from it. Here are 3 ways you might cite the same source, depending on how you have referred to it in your sentence.

 It has been suggested that our culture is now without boundaries (Critser 2003, p.31) and…
OR
In a popular study, Critser (2003, p.31) argues that our culture is now without boundaries…
OR
In 2003, Critser (p.31) suggested that our culture has become boundary-less…

Citing page numbers
Include page numbers if you refer to specific sections in a source
(Critser 2003, p.31)
(Critser 2003, pp.31-2)
Exclude page numbers if you refer to an entire work
(Critser 2003)

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Analysis part of the thesis

The purpose of this is to present the results of the analysis of the data. The presentation should be in sufficient detail to enable the reader to judge the adequacy of the analysis.  If you examine the data analysis section of the project, you will find that two characteristic styles are used in the presentation. The first style, which I will refer to as the “hypothesis analysis” style, typically divides the chapter into sections which correspond to the hypotheses. In this manner of presentation, the hypothesis is presented, followed by the summary of the statistics relative to the hypothesis, and concluded with a statement which summarizes whether or not the hypothesis was rejected. In the second style of presentation, which I will refer to as the “analysis by instruments” style, the data are presented in various sections which correspond to the dependent variables (research instruments) used in the design.  With this style of presentation, the data are summarized wi
Post a Comment
Read more

What is the references?

References References must follow the APA Publication Manual exactly (APA, 1994). Students are encouraged to add citations to the reference list at the time they are written into the text of any chapter. If the task of compiling the reference list is put off until last, the student may face the unhappy dilemma of being unable to locate a source that has been cited. Index cards help beautifully here.  There must be a one to one correspondence between the references cited in the text and those cited in the reference list. References not cited are typically not included in the list. 
Post a Comment
Read more

How to evaluate the project?

Evaluating the Project  The project should be evaluated at two levels. The first of these levels is the text and the logic of the presentation. The second level of evaluation should focus on the student’s mastery of the material. There are certain minimum requirements that the project or thesis must meet before it should be considered for acceptance. These minimal requirements deal with the manner of presentation of the project problem, its parameters, and analysis. To facilitate the examination of a project, I’ve provided a comprehensive checklist and inventory of the minimal requirements. For example: Is the topic area of the study clearly specified early in the text (within the first two pages)?  Is the topic area of the project derived from or cast into its historical perspective?  Are the major independent and dependent variables logically derived and their importance clearly evident?  Is the specific problem that the study addresses clearly stated early in the text
Post a Comment
Read more